吴丹; 李骁; 王亮亮; 张家顺; 陈巍; 王玥; 王红杰; 李建光; 尹小杰; 吴远大; 安俊明; 宋泽国

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ac9224

Temperature characterizations of silica asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer chip for quantum key distribution

doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ac9224

1.
State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100083,China
2.
Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
3.
College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
4.
Laboratory of Quantum Information, CAS, University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China
5.
Wuxi Institute of Interconnect Technology, Co., Ltd.Wuxi 214000,China

摘要

Abstract: Quantum key distribution (QKD) system based on passive silica planar lightwave circuit (PLC) asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers (AMZI) is characterized with thermal stability, low loss and sufficient integration scalability. However, waveguide stresses, both intrinsic and temperature-induced stresses, have significant impacts on the stable operation of the system. We have designed silica AMZI chips of 400 ps delay, with bend waveguides length equalized for both long and short arms to balance the stresses thereof. The temperature characteristics of the silica PLC AMZI chip are studied. The interference visibility at the single photon level is kept higher than 95% over a wide temperature range of 12 °C. The delay time change is 0.321 ps within a temperature change of 40 °C. The spectral shift is 0.0011~nm/0.1 °C. Temperature-induced delay time and peak wavelength variations do not affect the interference visibility. The experiment results demonstrate the advantage of being tolerant to chip temperature fluctuations.
- quantum key distribution /
- planar lightwave circuit /
- temperature characterization /
- interference visibility

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1. AMZI chip. Schematic of the encoding/decoding chips that have different designs, including one MZI, one AMZI with 400 ps delay time that (a) the short arm is made up of bend waveguides and straight waveguides; (b) the short arm is made up of straight waveguide. (c) Photograph of the packaged chip.

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2. Experimental setup using self-interfering method. Single-mode fiber (SMF) is in yellow; polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) is in red.

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3. (a) For the encoding chip, interference curves of TE and TM modes at 20.0–30.0 °C and 50.0–60.0 °C, respectively. (b) For the decoding chip, interference curves of TE and TM modes at 20.0–30.0 °C.

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4. Experimental setup for QKD system.

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5. The interference curve versus temperature: (a) decoding chip; and (b) encoding chip.

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6. Interference curve versus temperature ranging from 18 °C to 33 °C. Insert shows inference fringe at the optimal temperature 24.0 °C.

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7. Output waveform from the digital oscilloscope. The delay time of (a) the encoding chip and (b) decoding chip at 20 °C and 60 °C, respectively.

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8. For decoding chip at different temperatures near 24 °C, (a) simulated normalized power versus wavelength, (b) measured loss versus wavelength.

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1. Delay time at 20 °C and 60 °C.

	20 °C	60 °C	Δ t ₂
Encoder	405.323 ps	405.567 ps	0.244 ps
Decoder	405.585 ps	405.906 ps	0.321ps
Δ t ₁	0.262 ps	0.339 ps	–

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1. Wavelength shift with temperature of decoder at 24.0 °C.

	Temperature
	Δ = –0.1 °C	Δ = +0.1 °C	Average	Δ = –0.2 °C	Δ = +0.2 °C	Average
Simulation	0.00114 nm	0.00114 nm	0.00114 nm	0.00228 nm	0.00228 nm	0.00228 nm
Experiment	0.00093 nm	0.00129 nm	0.00111 nm	0.00195 nm	0.00245 nm	0.00220 nm

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