Advances and Perspectives on Modeling Methods for Collision Safety of Lithium-ion Batteries
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摘要: 锂离子电池以优异的电化学储能和循环性能，已成为电动汽车和电动飞机等新能源装备的主要动力源。然而，其受外部冲击、碰撞等载荷导致的结构失效、内短路、热失控以及起火/爆炸等安全问题，严重制约了其进一步的发展与应用。详细总结了锂离子电池结构特性和电池机械滥用试验方法，阐述了锂离子电池在机械滥用下从力学失效到内短路和热失控的多场耦合失效机理。在此基础上，系统地综述了近年来国内外学者在锂离子电池碰撞安全仿真方法方面的研究进展，从材料本构建模、电池单体的力学建模与仿真、多场耦合仿真方法等方面总结了仿真方法的研究现状。梳理了各类仿真方法的特点、适用性与局限性，并重点讨论建模方法、仿真精度和效率等关键问题。最后，对锂离子电池碰撞安全仿真方法存在的瓶颈问题和未来的发展趋势进行展望。可为锂离子电池的碰撞失效机理研究、建模仿真和安全设计提供系统的参考与指导。
锂离子电池以优异的电化学储能和循环性能，已成为电动汽车和电动飞机等新能源装备的主要动力源。然而，其受外部冲击、碰撞等载荷导致的结构失效、内短路、热失控以及起火/爆炸等安全问题，严重制约了其进一步的发展与应用。详细总结了锂离子电池结构特性和电池机械滥用试验方法，阐述了锂离子电池在机械滥用下从力学失效到内短路和热失控的多场耦合失效机理。在此基础上，系统地综述了近年来国内外学者在锂离子电池碰撞安全仿真方法方面的研究进展，从材料本构建模、电池单体的力学建模与仿真、多场耦合仿真方法等方面总结了仿真方法的研究现状。梳理了各类仿真方法的特点、适用性与局限性，并重点讨论建模方法、仿真精度和效率等关键问题。最后，对锂离子电池碰撞安全仿真方法存在的瓶颈问题和未来的发展趋势进行展望。可为锂离子电池的碰撞失效机理研究、建模仿真和安全设计提供系统的参考与指导。
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as the main power source for new energy equipment such as electric vehicles and electrical aircraft with their excellent electrochemical energy storage and cycling performance. However, safety issues such as structural failure, internal short circuit and thermal runaway caused by external impact, collision and other loads have severely restricted the development and further application of LIBs. The structural characteristics and mechanical abuse test methods of LIBs is summarized in detail, and multi-field coupling failure mechanism of LIBs from mechanical failure to internal short circuit and thermal runaway under mechanical abuse is expounded. On this basis, the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars in the field of modeling methods for collision safety of lithium-ion batteries in recent years is reviewed systematically. And the research status of modeling methods from aspects of materials constitutive modeling, mechanical modeling and simulation of battery cell, and multi-field coupling modeling methods is summarized. The characteristics, applicability and limitation of various modeling methods are sorted out, and the key issues such as modeling method, simulation accuracy and efficiency are discussed. Finally, the bottleneck problems and further development trend in modeling methods for collision safety of lithium-ion batteries are discussed and prospected. A systematic reference and guidance for the study of crash failure mechanism, modeling and simulation, and safety design of lithium-ion batteries can be provided. -
图 1 全球主要地区电动汽车保有量和增长趋势
(数据统计于国际能源署门户网站：http://www.iea.org)
表 1 锂离子电池的分类与特征对比
形状/工艺 卷绕式 堆叠式 圆柱状 组装方式 
电池壳 铝塑膜、金属 铝塑膜、金属 金属(钢或铝) 电芯生产效率 + +- ++ 机械强度 + +- ++ 比能量 + ++ + 热辐射 + + +- 模块中能量密度 + ++ + 
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表 2 锂离子电池的常用组分材料及其力学特性[25]
组分 材料 力学特性 集流体 铝和铜 各向异性
应变硬化
韧性断裂
率相关性活性材料 石墨，活性材料 压力相关性
多孔特性隔膜 多孔聚合物(PP, PE, PP/PE/PP三层复合，陶瓷涂层PE) 正交各向异性
弹-粘塑性
温度相关性
率相关性外壳 钢，铝塑膜 各向异性
应变硬化
率相关性
韧性断裂
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表 3 不同的耦合仿真方法的特征对比
耦合方法 文献 建模方法 模型特点 解耦方法 WIERBICKI等，2012[28]，2013[30] ZHU等，2019[94]；LI等，2020[119] 基于ABAQUS/LSDYNA的力学有限元分析，以宏观力学响应或隔膜失效为短路判据 解耦内短路失效过程以力学失效预测电短路 SANTHANAGOPALAN等, 2009[134]; FANG等, 2014[135]; 基于COMSOL的电化学-热耦合分析，模型预置内短路 考虑不同的内短路模式，未考虑变形和力学损伤 FENG等，2018[136]；COMAN等，2017[130] 基于COMSOL的电化学-热耦合分析，以隔膜热失效导致的内短路为出发点 侧重热失控机理研究，未考虑变形 ZHAO等, 2015[127, 133] 基于STAR-CD的电化学-热耦合模型，预置内短路或针刺 侧重内短路分析，未考虑变形和损伤过程 LIU等，2016[52] 基于ABAQUS的三维力学失效分析，基于COMSOL的电化学-热耦合分析，采用隔膜失效准则通过一维短路模型集成耦合 多软件平台联合仿真，模型适用性强，具有较高的计算效率 LI等，2020[138] 基于LS-DYNA的三维力学失效分析，基于COMSOL的电化学-热耦合分析，采用结构失效几何和短路模型集成耦合 考虑了电池结构的失效包络面并用于短路计算，模型可用于复杂工况，但短路面积有待进一步确认 JIA等，2021[140] 基于Altair Hyperworks的热-电-力耦合分析，以RVE的功率密度-应变关系进行宏观力热耦合 通过RVE层面的力-电耦合提高了模型的计算效率，灵活性强 顺序耦合法 ZHANG等，2015[22] 基于LS-DYNA的力-电-热耦合分析，采用隔膜应变失效准则实现力-电耦合 以隔膜失效为短路准则，揭示短路的物理机理，局限于电池单胞模型 YUAN等，2019[145] 基于LS-DYNA的多物理场耦合模型，采用等效电路集流体间的位移为短路失效准则 模型经多工况试验校正，适用于工程设计与分析 DENG等，2019[141]，2018[142] 基于LS-DYNA的多物理场耦合模型，以集流体间的位移或单元应变为短路准则 厚壳单元代替实体单元和宏观模型，计算效率高，有工程应用价值 直接耦合法 ZHANG等，2015[23] 基于LS-DYNA的多场耦合分析，采用代表性三明治模型，以隔膜应变为失效准则 采用代表性三明治模型简化建模，计算效率高，有工程应用价值 ZHANG等，2016[24] 基于LS-DYNA的多场耦合分析，引入多尺度方法，以介观隔膜失效作为短路判据 通过多尺度方法实现实时耦合，力学模型简化多，计算效率低 LIU等，2017[149] 基于COMSOL的多物理场模型耦合，采用等效应力的失效准则进行耦合 建模简单，模型仿真效率高，二维模型无法考虑复杂工况 LI等，2020[146]；2021[147] 基于COMSOL的力-电化学-热多场耦分析，隔膜应变为失效判据耦合 包含细致短路模型，仿真精度高，二维模型无法考虑面内的影响 MALLARAPU等，2020[150] 基于LS-DYNA的多场耦合分析，根据多尺度思想，以电池单元的隔膜应变为短路准则 考虑了短路过程中力-电化学耦合效应，但局限于电池单元 LEE等，2020[148] 基于LS-DYNA的多场耦合分析，以局部断裂失效为短路准则；子模型间双向耦合 考虑了非线性损伤导致的短路，建模复杂且计算量大
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