白令海及西北冰洋有机质来源与新鲜程度的脂肪酸指示

李科; 金海燕; 赵香爱; 庄燕培; 季仲强; 张扬; 陈建芳

doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.002

白令海及西北冰洋有机质来源与新鲜程度的脂肪酸指示

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2020.10.002

李科^1,,
金海燕^{1, 2, ,},
赵香爱¹,
庄燕培¹,
季仲强¹,
张扬¹,
陈建芳^{1, 2}

详细信息

作者简介:
李科（1992-），男，浙江省杭州市人，研究方向为海洋与极地生物地球化学。E-mail：likelikelee@163.com

通讯作者:
金海燕（1974-），研究员，主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail： jinhaiyan@sio.org.cn

中图分类号: P714⁺.4；P734.4⁺3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-10-24
- 修回日期: 2019-12-02
- 发布日期: 2020-12-07

Sources and degradation of organic matter in the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean: Implication from fatty acids

摘要

摘要: 白令海、西北冰洋等高生产力海域在北冰洋“生物泵”中起到重要作用；海水升温、海冰消退等北极快速变化，将强烈影响该海域“生物泵”的结构与规模，并在沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度上有所体现，可用脂肪酸加以指征。对第五次、第六次中国北极科学考察在以上海域采集的表层沉积物进行脂肪酸含量（以沉积物干重计）及组成分析，结果显示楚科奇海陆架总脂肪酸含量非常高((97.15± 55.31) μg/g)，白令海盆最低((15.00±1.30) μg/g)，加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡、白令海陆架居中(分别为(88.65 ± 3.52) μg/g，(70.35±11.32) μg/g与(38.28±14.89) μg/g)。海源脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例最高(86.82%±7.08%)，陆源次之(8.45%±6.62%)，细菌最低(4.63%±2.24%)；硅藻指数(16:1ω9/16:0)在楚科奇海陆架(> 0.82)、白令海陆架边缘(> 0.65)较高，其他区域均较低。脂肪酸结果表明：(1) 该海域沉积有机质主要来自海源，陆源贡献小；在北部、南部楚科奇海陆架、白令海陆架边缘，硅藻生物量占主要优势；细菌脂肪酸比例显著低于温暖海域，指示低温抑制细菌活动。(2) 楚科奇海陆架区硅藻生产力高、细菌活动弱，新鲜有机质沉降效率高，但对未来海水升温、浮游植物群落变化也较为敏感。(3) 加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡的浮游植物群落由绿藻与金藻主导。以上结论说明脂肪酸可指示表层沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度；未来，脂肪酸有望进一步揭示北冰洋“生物泵”对北极快速变化的响应。
- 白令海 /
- 西北冰洋 /
- 有机质 /
- 脂肪酸 /
- 生物泵 /
- 北极快速变化
Abstract: The Bering Sea and western Arctic Ocean, as high production areas, play a key role in the Arctic Ocean biological pump, and are vulnerable to abrupt climate change, especially sea water warming and sea ice melt. Alterations in biological pump can influence the sources and degradation of sedimentary organic matter, and thus can be indicated by fatty acid (FA) content and composition of sediment. FA analysis of surface sediments, collected during the 5^th and 6^th Chinese Arctic Research Expeditions, showed that the total FA of the Chukchi Shelf was exceptionally high ((97.15 ± 55.31) μg/g), while the Bering Basin was the lowest ((15.00 ± 1.3) μg/g), and the Canada Basin, the Chukchi Shelf and the Bering Shelf were intermediate ((88.65 ± 3.52) μg/g, (70.35 ± 11.32) μg/g and (38.28 ± 14.89) μg/g, respectively). Marine FAs (short chain saturated FA + unsaturated FA) accounted for the most abundant (86.82% ± 7.08%), terrestrial FAs (long chain saturated FA) as the second abundant (8.45% ± 6.62%), while bacterial FAs (odd FA) as the least (4.63% ± 2.24%); diatom index (16:1ω9/16:0) was high at the southern and northern Chukchi Shelf (> 0.82) and the Bering Shelf edge (> 0.65), while it was low at the rest areas. These results indicated that: (1) marine source was the major contributor of sedimentary organic matter of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean, while terrestrial one contributes minor; diatom predominates was the primary producers of the southern and northern Chukchi Shelf and the Bering Shelf edge; percentage of bacterial FAs was remarkably low, comparing with tropical and temperate seas, suggesting a suppressed bacterial activity under low temperature; (2) labile organic matter accumulation rate was extremely high at the Chukchi Shelf, and was extremely sensitive to sea water warming and sea ice melt; (3) chlorophyceae and prymnesiophyceae dominate phytoplankton community at the Canada Basin and the Chukchi Slope. In conclusion, FA of surface sediment can be used to indicate sources and degradation of organic matter in the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean; further, combining with other samples and biomarkers, FA was viable to shed light on the response of biological pump under the abrupt Arctic climate change.
- Bering Sea /
- western Arctic Ocean /
- Organic Matter /
- fatty acid /
- biological pump /
- abrupt Arctic climate change

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图 1 采样站位

Figure 1. Sample Locations

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图 2 白令海及西北冰洋表层沉积物中总脂肪酸及各类脂肪酸含量

Figure 2. TFA, SCSFA, LCSFA, Odd FA, MUFA and PUFA contents of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean surface sediments

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图 3 各脂肪酸与PC1、PC2的相关性

Figure 3. First two principal components score plot of FAs

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图 4 脂肪酸来源三端元图

Figure 4. Ternary figure of FA sources

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图 5 各来源脂肪酸百分比及硅藻指数分布图

Figure 5. Percentage of FA sources and diatom index of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean

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图 6 北冰洋部分陆架海区表层沉积物中TFA与TOC的关系^{[33, 50]}

Figure 6. Relationship between TFA and TOC among the Bering, Chukchi, Beaufort and Siberian shelves^{[33, 50]}

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图 7 本研究表层沉积物中易降解脂肪酸（SCSFA + MUFA + PUFA）与TFA的相关关系

Figure 7. Corrlation between labile FA (SCSFA + MUFA + PUFA) and TFA among all surface sediments in this study

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表 1 白令海及楚科奇海表层沉积物站位信息及样品脂肪酸含量

Table 1. FA, TOC and station properties of the Bering Sea and western Arctic Ocean surface sediments

区域	站位	经纬度	水深/ m	TOC /%	TFA /μg·g^–1	SCSFA /μg·g^–1	LCSFA /μg·g^–1	MUFA /μg·g^–1	PUFA /μg·g^–1	Odd FA /μg·g^–1
白令海盆	BL03	53.98°N，170.72°E	3 592.00	0.64	13.70	10.72	1.98	0.34	0.23	0.43
	BL07	57.40°N，175.12°E	3 771.00	0.24	16.30	10.61	4.16	0.00	0.51	1.02
白令海陆架	BL12	60.69°N，178.85°W	225.00	1.10	30.39	13.34	4.30	9.87	2.45	0.44
	BS01	61.12°N，177.26°W	127.00	1.61	34.71	14.81	1.78	14.55	1.31	1.66
	BS02	61.13°N，175.53°W	99.00	1.62	63.51	46.93	8.97	4.07	1.14	2.40
	BL14	61.93°N，176.42°W	102.00	1.75	16.02	13.06	0.87	0.00	0.00	2.10
	BM07	62.48°N，167.33°W	30.00	0.20	20.55	14.32	1.76	3.67	0.18	0.42
	BM04	62.70°N，173.00°W	63.00	1.16	45.65	24.92	4.55	13.61	0.00	2.55
	BM05	62.79°N，173.92°W	45.00	0.39	44.41	35.68	3.30	1.25	1.13	3.04
	BN08	64.61°N，167.46°W	27.00	0.62	51.00	20.38	6.36	21.24	0.73	2.29
楚科奇海陆架	R02	67.69°N，168.94°W	43.60	1.33	123.29	79.52	12.70	21.41	4.34	5.31
	CC1	67.77°N，168.61°W	43.00	1.60	172.41	72.14	2.04	83.54	9.27	5.42
	CC3	68.01°N，167.87°W	46.30	0.44	45.89	34.89	5.35	3.10	0.78	1.77
	CC4	68.13°N，167.51°W	48.90	0.71*	105.36	65.40	0.00	36.67	0.00	3.29
	CC6	68.19°N，167.31°W	36.30	1.58	6.94	4.31	1.80	0.38	0.23	0.22
	SR05	68.62°N，168.86°W	52.00	1.22	61.17	29.46	7.11	21.52	0.00	3.08
	C03	69.03°N，166.48°W	33.00	1.26*	50.17	23.93	2.49	17.37	4.54	1.83
	C02	69.23°N，167.32°W	40.50	1.10	125.96	57.90	9.66	47.54	4.34	6.53
	C01	69.41°N，168.16°W	44.50	1.33	78.24	34.48	12.40	23.02	3.84	4.50
	R04	69.60°N，168.88°W	45.30	1.03	90.38	33.99	10.13	41.82	1.11	3.34
	C04	70.84°N，166.89°W	39.40	0.94	51.88	23.28	7.28	16.71	1.57	3.04
	R05	70.98°N，168.78°W	37.10	1.11	152.87	72.56	10.01	55.30	2.71	11.38
	SR10	72.00°N，168.81°W	51.00	1.37	85.94	49.61	9.09	19.37	1.13	6.73
	R06	72.00°N，168.98°W	51.35	1.88*	143.25	69.39	5.55	60.99	2.22	5.10
	SR11	73.00°N，168.97°W	67.00	1.58	183.97	87.09	11.90	68.43	4.84	11.70
	R07	73.00°N，168.97°W	73.36	1.97*	213.96	101.44	1.74	93.42	9.78	7.58
	SR12	74.00°N，169.02°W	174.60	0.74	38.45	30.76	3.72	1.31	0.38	2.27
	R08	74.00°N，169.00°W	82.69	1.50*	81.40	56.20	5.28	16.63	0.69	2.59
	R09	74.61°N，169.03°W	190.00	1.09*	34.40	23.52	0.00	10.88	0.00	0.00
楚科奇海陆坡	C13	75.20°N，159.18°W	941.76	1.07*	59.02	44.88	0.93	10.49	0.00	2.71
	R12	77.00°N，163.89°W	438.86	0.63*	81.68	57.53	0.44	21.62	0.00	2.08
加拿大海盆	SIC6	79.98°N，152.63°W	3 763.00	0.97*	85.13	73.81	0.00	6.85	0.00	4.47
	SIC3	81.08°N，157.66°W	3 634.20	0.60*	92.17	66.68	0.47	21.02	0.00	4.01
注：SCSFA = 10:0 + 12:0 + 14:0 + 16:0 + 18:0；LCSFA = 20:0 + 22:0 + 24:0；MUFA= 14:1 + 16:1ω9 + 18:1 + 20:1 + 22:1；PUFA = 18:2 + 20:2 + 20:4 + 20:5 + 22:5 + 22:6；Odd FA = 11:0 + 13:0 + 15:0 + 15:1 + 17:0 + 17:1 + 21:0 + 23:0。*标注TOC数据引自文献[40]。

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表 2 白令海及楚科奇海各站位沉积物脂肪酸组成（单位：μg/g）

Table 2. Individual FA compounds of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean surface sediments (unit: μg·g⁻¹)

区域	站位	11:0	12:0	13:0	14:0	14:1	15:0	15:1	16:0	16:1ω9	17:0	17:1	18:0	18:1ω9	18:2
白令海盆	BL03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.34	0.34	0.00	0.00	5.61	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.77	0.00	0.00
	BL07	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.63	0.00	0.37	0.00	5.83	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.16	0.00	0.00
白令海陆架	BL12	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.38	0.80	0.44	0.00	7.72	6.36	0.00	0.00	3.24	2.71	0.00
	BS01	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.71	0.00	0.91	0.00	8.58	12.17	0.22	0.53	2.53	2.38	0.45
	BS02	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.45	1.38	2.40	0.00	31.66	2.69	0.00	0.00	6.81	0.00	0.00
	BL14	0.00	0.30	0.00	2.97	0.00	1.44	0.00	7.57	0.00	0.65	0.00	2.23	0.00	0.00
	BM07	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.81	0.00	0.00	0.00	9.63	2.43	0.42	0.00	1.89	0.54	0.00
	BM04	0.00	0.21	0.22	5.53	0.00	1.77	0.00	16.60	10.87	0.57	0.00	2.58	2.75	0.00
	BM05	0.00	0.38	0.00	8.74	0.00	2.14	0.00	23.58	0.23	0.90	0.00	2.98	0.47	0.00
	BN08	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.16	0.00	0.77	0.00	13.55	18.58	0.67	0.31	3.67	2.65	0.00
楚科奇海陆架	R02	0.00	0.72	0.33	19.54	0.00	2.86	0.00	47.81	9.65	1.71	0.41	11.45	6.39	1.10
	CC1	0.15	1.12	0.34	22.95	0.60	2.76	0.00	42.59	74.91	0.93	0.79	5.48	7.44	1.60
	CC3	0.00	0.32	0.13	5.96	0.00	0.93	0.00	20.67	0.36	0.72	0.00	7.95	1.39	0.00
	CC4	0.00	1.50	0.54	11.24	0.00	2.75	0.00	38.93	14.86	0.00	0.00	13.73	18.16	0.00
	CC6	0.00	0.36	0.00	0.61	0.00	0.22	0.00	2.43	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.91	0.00	0.00
	SR05	0.00	0.00	0.70	7.80	4.27	2.39	0.00	17.40	12.43	0.00	0.00	4.26	4.81	0.00
	C03	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.97	1.05	1.32	0.00	15.06	11.32	0.51	0.00	4.90	5.01	0.73
	C02	0.00	0.83	0.38	19.20	0.00	3.95	0.00	34.35	44.48	1.00	1.21	3.51	3.06	3.54
	C01	0.00	0.69	0.36	7.99	0.00	2.24	0.00	21.26	15.02	1.05	0.00	4.53	6.53	0.00
	R04	0.00	0.00	0.00	6.57	0.00	1.37	0.00	22.34	37.56	0.43	0.68	5.08	3.29	0.00
	C04	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.76	0.00	1.37	0.00	15.81	12.93	0.46	0.40	2.70	2.34	0.00
	R05	0.00	0.52	0.34	16.94	0.00	5.38	0.00	47.89	47.78	2.05	3.04	7.21	4.12	1.03
	R06	0.00	1.08	0.00	19.36	0.00	5.10	0.00	43.46	47.72	0.00	0.00	5.48	6.28	0.91
	SR10	0.00	0.57	0.38	11.68	0.00	3.42	0.00	31.23	14.85	1.76	0.37	6.12	3.99	0.00
	SR11	0.86	2.42	0.82	28.19	0.69	6.50	0.00	51.70	54.09	2.01	1.52	4.78	9.31	0.91
	R07	0.00	1.64	0.77	24.78	0.00	5.62	0.00	67.49	76.99	1.19	0.00	7.53	13.95	9.78
	SR12	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.51	0.00	0.00	0.00	15.79	0.24	0.77	0.00	13.46	1.07	0.00
	R08	0.00	1.19	0.55	8.28	0.00	1.81	0.00	35.03	7.28	0.00	0.23	11.70	4.87	0.00
	R09	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.42	0.00	0.00	0.00	16.63	8.78	0.00	0.00	1.47	2.10	0.00
楚科奇海陆坡	C13	0.00	0.35	0.26	3.80	0.00	0.00	1.72	26.62	1.47	0.73	0.00	14.11	7.99	0.00
	R12	0.00	0.74	0.36	3.59	0.00	1.27	0.00	31.87	1.16	0.45	0.00	21.33	18.61	0.00
加拿大海盆	SIC6	0.00	1.56	0.76	8.07	0.00	2.97	0.00	45.35	0.82	0.74	0.00	18.84	6.02	0.00
	SIC3	0.00	0.40	0.37	6.14	0.00	2.81	0.00	40.54	1.86	0.83	0.00	19.60	16.48	0.00

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表 3 主成分分析结果

Table 3. PCA results

	总计	方差/%	累积/%
PC1	11.25	45.00	45.00
PC2	4.75	19.00	64.00
PC3	2.30	9.19	73.19
PC4	1.40	5.61	78.80
PC5	1.14	4.54	83.34

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表 4 各站位不同来源脂肪酸百分比及硅藻指数

Table 4. Percentage of FA sources and diatom index of the Bering Sea and the western Arctic Ocean surface sediments

站位	TFA/ μg·g⁻¹	海源脂肪酸 /%	陆源脂肪酸 /%	细菌脂肪酸 /%	硅藻指数（16:1ω9 / 16:0）
BL03	13.70	82.46	14.42	3.12	0.00
BL07	16.30	68.21	25.53	6.26	0.00
BL12	30.39	84.42	14.14	1.45	0.82
BS01	34.71	88.38	5.13	4.79	1.42
BS02	63.51	82.10	14.12	3.77	0.09
BL14	16.02	81.49	5.43	13.08	0.00
BM07	20.55	88.39	8.58	2.05	0.25
BM04	45.65	84.43	9.98	5.60	0.65
BM05	44.41	85.71	7.44	6.85	0.01
BN08	51.00	83.04	12.47	4.49	1.37
R02	123.29	85.39	10.30	4.31	0.20
CC1	172.41	95.67	1.18	3.14	1.76
CC3	45.89	84.49	11.65	3.85	0.02
CC4	105.36	96.88	0.00	3.12	0.38
CC6	6.94	70.88	26.00	3.13	0.00
SR05	61.17	83.34	11.62	5.04	0.71
C03	50.17	91.38	4.97	3.66	0.75
C02	125.96	87.14	7.67	5.19	1.29
C01	78.24	78.40	15.85	5.75	0.71
R04	90.38	85.10	11.20	3.69	1.68
C04	51.88	80.09	14.04	5.87	0.82
R05	152.87	85.41	6.55	7.45	1.00
SR10	85.94	81.59	10.58	7.84	0.48
R06	143.25	92.57	3.88	3.56	1.10
SR11	183.97	87.17	6.47	6.36	1.05
R07	213.96	95.64	0.81	3.54	1.14
SR12	38.45	84.41	9.69	5.90	0.02
R08	81.40	90.33	6.49	3.18	0.21
R09	34.40	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.53
C13	59.02	93.82	1.58	4.59	0.06
R12	81.68	96.91	0.54	2.55	0.04
SIC6	85.13	94.75	0.00	5.25	0.02
SIC3	92.17	95.14	0.51	4.35	0.05

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