Vertical electrical field during decay stage of local thunderstorm near coastline in tropical island
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摘要: 利用球载电场探空仪于2019年8月12日在海南岛东北部海岸线附近获得的一次局地雷暴消散阶段的云内电场探空资料, 结合S波段天气雷达、地面大气平均电场仪、地闪定位等观测资料, 详细分析了该雷暴的演变过程和电学特征. 由电晕电流反演的垂直电场廓线可知, 云内正、负电场最大值分别位于大约6.3和8.3 km处, 垂直方向上, 云内分布着6个电荷区, 最下部为负电荷区, 往上依次改变极性, 且所有电荷区都位于零度层以上的混合相区域. 由于数据中断, 无法准确判断上部负电荷区上部边界以及其上方的正电荷区信息, 其余四个电荷区分别位于海拔高度6.0—6.3 km, 6.3—6.6 km, 6.9—7.3 km以及7.3—8.3 km之间, 电荷密度分别为–1.84, 1.80, –1.46和1.04 nC/m3. 由已有数据推算, 最上部负电荷区电荷密度应大于–0.51 nC/m3, 其电荷区相对强度仅次于靠近其下部边界的正电荷区, 两者电荷区厚度都超过1 km.Abstract: In order to directly observe the electric field characteristics and study the charge structure in thunderstorms occurring in tropical regions, a balloon-borne strong electric field sounding is used to measure the vertical component of the electric field, temperature within the cloud and real-time location information of the sounding. Based on the principle of corona discharge, two 1-m-long metal probes are used as the sensors to detect the vertical electric field. In the summer of 2019, a result of electric field sounding within a local thunderstorm was obtained in the northeastern coastal area of Hainan Island, China. With the combination of an S-band weather radar, atmospheric electric field instrument and lightning locating network, the charge structure of the thunderstorm is analyzed in detail. The results show that the thunderstorm is a small-scaled local thunderstorm occurring in the afternoon, the sounding starting to be observed at the decay stage of the thunderstorm. In this period, lightning activities is rare, and the variation of ground electric field is similar to that of conventional summer thunderstorms. The whole sounding process lasts 34 min, during which the vertical airflow in the cloud is relatively stable, basically keeping 4–6 m/s. It can be seen from the electric field profile that the charge distribution in the thunderstorm cloud shows a complex charge structure which is composed of six charge regions. A negative charge region is lowermost, and above this the polarity alternates successively from bottom to up, where all charge regions are located above the melting-layer. Due to data interruption, it is impossible to accurately judge the upper boundary of the upper negative charge region and the information about the positive charge region above. The remaining charge regions are located in an altitude range of 6.0–6.3 km, 6.3–6.6 km, 6.9–7.3 km and 7.3–8.3 km, respectively. The charge densities in these four regions are –1.84 nC/m3, 1.80 nC/m3, –1.46 nC/m 3, and 1.04 nC/m3, respectively. According to the existing data, the charge density of the uppermost negative charge area should be greater than –0.51 nC/m 3. Moreover, the upper positive charge region (the fourth from bottom up) has the largest strength, followed by the negative charge region above it, both of which are more than 1 km in thickness. The electric field intensities in the other charge regions are relatively small. The pairs of positive and negative charge regions at the bottom are slightly different in strength and thickness.
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Key words:
- tropics /
- local thunderstorm /
- electric field sounding /
- charge structure
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图 1 (a)探空观测设备分布图; (b) (a)图方框部分放大图. ▲: 探空点; ☆: ADTD定位子站; ★: 雷达站和ADTD定位子站
Figure 1. (a) Distribution of Sounding observation in Hainan Province; (b) enlarged view of the section in the square of picture (a). ▲: Sounding site; ☆: Substations of ADTD; ★: Radar site and ADTD substation
图 2 8月12日08时850 hPa风场和相对湿度以及500 hPa等高线(北京时间, BJT)
Figure 2. The wind, relative humidity (850 hPa) and geopotential height field (500 hPa) at 8:00 (BJT) on August 12, 2019.
图 3 雷暴不同阶段的回波强度(高度2 km). ▲: 探空点
Figure 3. Radar echo intensity of thunderstorm in different stages ▲: Sounding site
图 4 探空气球路径 (a) 气球飞行高度随时间变化曲线; (b) 水平投影; (c) 东西方向的立体投影; (d) 南北方向的立体投影; (e) 空间飞行轨迹
Figure 4. The Sounding path: (a) Height-time plots; (b) plan view; (c) west-east ward vertical projection; (d) north-south ward vertical projection; (e) height-distance plots.
图 5 探空路径及雷达回波特征(18:07) (a) 回波平面图, 直线AB为垂直剖面位置; (b) 探空路径与回波垂直剖面叠加. 其中▲为探空点位置
Figure 5. Sounding path and the corresponding Radar echo characters (18:07): (a) Radar echo characters during the sounding stage; (b) superposition image of radar echo vertical cross section of line AB in Fig. (a) and sounding path. ▲: Sounding site.
图 6 8月12日探空分析结果 (a) 气球上升速度; (b) 电晕电流; (c) 空中电场(E)和温度(T); (d) 电荷密度
Figure 6. Sounding results in thunderstorm on August 12, 2019: (a) Ascending velocity; (b) corona current; (c) E-field (E) and temperature (T); (d) charge density.
图 7 雷暴地面电场演变特征, 其中红色竖线之间区域为探空观测阶段
Figure 7. Evolution characteristics of ground E-field of thunderstorm, in which the duration between two red vertical lines was the sounding stage.
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