Application of Gastrodia elata in Functional Food in China
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摘要: 天麻是一种食药兼备的植物。在中医领域常用于治疗眩晕、头痛、半身不遂等。现代医学研究发现天麻在改善心脑血管健康、抗癫痫、改善高血压等方面具有良好的效果。天麻在保健食品中常用于改善睡眠类功能声称的产品。随着现代药理研究的不断深入，天麻发挥功能的主要活性成分和作用机理被不断揭示并进一步完善，扩大了天麻在保健食品领域的功能声称应用范围，以及发展前景与价值。本文阐述了天麻原料在我国作为保健食品原料的合规性使用依据，汇总并分析了已获批使用天麻及其提取物作为保健食品原料的产品应用现状，综述了天麻的安全性评价以及相关的保健功能。以期为天麻原料在我国保健食品中的合规性使用、研究开发和临床应用提供参考依据。Abstract: Gastrodia elata is a plant with both food and medicine. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, it is often used to treat dizziness, headache, hemiplegia, etc. Modern medical research has found that Gastrodia elata has good effects in improving cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health, anti epilepsy, and improving hypertension. Gastrodia elata is often used in functional food to improve sleep. With the deepening of modern pharmacological research, the main active ingredients and action mechanism of gastrodia elata have been revealed and further improved, which has expanded the application range, development prospect and value of functional claims of Gastrodia elata in the field of health food. This paper expounded the basis for the compliance use of Gastrodia elata raw materials as functional food raw materials in China, summarized and analyzed the application status of Gastrodia elata and its extracts as functional food raw materials, and summarized the safety evaluation and related health functions of Gastrodia elata. In order to provide reference for the compliant use, research and development and clinical application of Gastrodia elata raw materials in functional food in China.
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Key words:
- Gastrodia elata /
- compliance basis /
- health care function /
- application status
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图 1 天麻及其提取物各产品保健食品功能声称的分布情况
Figure 1. Distribution of functional food function claims of Gastrodia elata and its extract products
表 1 天麻相关化学成分的药理作用
Table 1. Pharmacological effects of related chemical constituents of Gastrodia elata
序号 名称 药理作用 1 天麻素 保护肝损伤[14]、改善抑郁[15]、抗癫痫及神经保护[16-18]、改善学习记忆力[19-20]、高尿酸血症[21]、镇静催眠[22]、对脑缺血再灌注损伤[23]、头疼[24-25]、糖尿病肾病及其神经病理性疼痛[26-27] 2 对羟基苯甲醇 抗氧化[28]、改善脑缺血再灌注损伤[29-30]、抗血小板聚集[31]、抗抑郁[32]、改善学习记忆力[33-35]、抗脑血栓及抗炎[36]、抗肿瘤[37] 3 对羟基苯甲醛 保护脑缺血/再灌注损伤[38-39]、抗血小板聚集[40]、抗炎[41] 4 3,4-二羟基苯甲醛（原儿茶醛） 抗氧化[42]、舒张血管[43] 5 巴利森苷类物质 改善学习记忆障碍[44]、镇痛[45]、抗癫痫[46]、有助于治疗神经元退行性疾病[47]、抗精神病[48] 6 天麻多糖 降血脂[49]、神经保护[50]、增强免疫力[51]、保护非酒精性脂肪肝[52]、抗氧化[53] 
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表 2 天麻相关保健功能的作用机制
Table 2. Mechanism of Gastrodia elata related health care function
功效 活性成分/原料 动物 作用机制/作用 参考文献 改善认知、记忆 巴利森苷A、巴利森苷C SPF级ICR小鼠 改善空间学习记忆能力；↓小鼠寻找平台的潜伏期 [61] 天麻素、天麻素衍生物 C57BL/6小鼠 ↓AβOs所致的记忆损伤、炎症反应及氧化损伤 [62] 天麻醇提物 清洁级昆明种小鼠 ↓模型小鼠逃避潜伏期和搜索距离；↑滞留时间和搜索距离百分比 [63] 天麻粉 APP/PS1双转基因小鼠 调控Keapl、Nrf2/HO-1抗氧化应激通路；↑抗氧化功能 [68] 改善睡眠 天麻 SPF级昆明种小鼠 ↑中枢DA系统活性 [70] 巴利森苷A SPF级昆明小鼠 ↑与褪黑素受体MT1结合 [72] 天麻乙酸乙酯萃取物 Wistar大鼠 ↑下丘脑、海马体的GABA、5-HT、DA水平；↓下丘脑内谷氨酸Glu水平；保护神经元细胞；↑下丘脑、海马体GABAARα1、GABAARγ2受体表达量 [74] 天麻酵素 SPF级KM小鼠 调节脑组织内神经递质；↓氧化应激水平 [75] 降血脂 天麻粉 SD大鼠；C57BL/6小鼠 ↓TG、TC、LDL-C、GPT含量 [76-77] 降血糖 天麻素 清洁级KM种小鼠 ↓糖尿病小鼠的血糖；↓血清中TG、TC、MDA浓度；
↑SOD活性[80] 降血压 天麻素 Wistar大鼠 ↓高血压大鼠血压；↑血管保护作用；↓脂质过氧化损伤 [81] 保肝 天麻素 小鼠 ↓酒精所致的血清GPT、GOT、CYP2E1水平；↓肝组织中MDA含量；↑抗氧化物酶：SOD、GPX、CAT活性 [84] 天麻多糖 SD大鼠 ↓脂肪堆积；↓肝脏氧化应激、炎症反应 [52] 抗帕金森 天麻乙醇提取物 SD大鼠 保护脑内神经元、受损侧脑区受体超敏现象；↑PD大鼠在目标象限的距离百分比和停留时间百分比 [86] 增强免疫力、调节肠道菌群 赤箭（天麻地上部分）水提液与天麻水提液 SPF级ICR小鼠 免疫调节研究实验：↑免疫缺陷小鼠廓清指数；↑外周血中红细胞、红细胞压积水平；↑脂多糖诱发的B淋巴细胞增殖；
肠道菌群研究实验：在门水平上，↑拟杆菌门的相对丰度，↓厚壁菌门相对丰度；在属水平上，↑Prevolelaceae_UCG-001和Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005相对丰度；↓厌氧棍状菌属，unclassified_f_Erysipelotrichaceae和Candidatus_Stoquefichus相对丰度[87] 抗氧化 天麻 / 天麻素：调节衰老相关基因表达水平；抑制线粒体途径中的凋亡程序；天麻多糖：通过有效清除血清、脑及其他组织的脂质过氧化物和自由基并增加机体的抗氧化酶活性 [88] 抗疲劳和耐缺氧 天麻种子 清洁级昆明种小鼠 抗疲劳：↑小鼠力竭游泳时间；↓血清乳酸、尿素氮浓度；↑血清中的LDH活性和肝糖原浓度；
耐缺氧：↑小鼠亚硝酸钠中毒和急性脑缺血性缺氧存活时间；↓MDA浓度显著降低；↑小鼠常压耐缺氧存活时间；↑小鼠血清中的SOD浓度[89] 耐缺氧 天麻素 SPF级BalB/c小鼠 ↑常压密闭缺氧环境下小鼠的存活时间；↓小鼠暴露于急性减压缺氧条件中的死亡率 [90] 保护缺氧损伤 天麻素 大鼠心肌细胞H9c2 miR-21激活PTEN/PI3K/AKT和NF-κB通路；
↓H9c2细胞缺氧损伤[91] 注：↑为显著增加；↓为显著降低。
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