Effects of Different Drying Methods on Volatile/Semi-volatile Components and Surface Structure of Sweet Potato Solid Spice
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摘要: 为了比较不同干燥方式对甘薯固体香料的影响,本研究以新鲜的甘薯为研究对象,烘烤后进行红外干燥、冷冻干燥、微波真空干燥和真空干燥,用气相色谱-质谱法(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)分析检测甘薯固体香料的挥发性/半挥发性成分,并进行主成分分析探究不同干燥方法对挥发性/半挥发性成分的影响,用扫描电子显微镜探究不同的干燥方式对其表面结构的影响。结果表明:干燥后甘薯固体香料挥发性/半挥发性物质含量从高到低依次为真空干燥、微波真空干燥、红外干燥、冷冻干燥,含量最高为128.87 μg/g,主要香味物质有对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯、棕榈油酸、香叶基芳樟醇、5-羟甲基糠醛、(9Z)-十八碳-9,17-二烯醛。真空干燥固体香料表面结构相较于其他三种干燥方式,真空干燥的表面有较多的水分蒸发通道及孔洞,且结构密度适中,对固体香料的吸附能力及挥发香味有积极影响。综上所述,真空干燥适用于甘薯固体香料的干燥制备,为甘薯固体香料的开发应用奠定了理论基础。
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关键词:
- 甘薯 /
- 气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS) /
- 固体香料 /
- 主成分分析 /
- 扫描电镜
Abstract: To compare the effects of different drying methods on the solid spice of sweet potato, the fresh sweet potato was taken as the research object, and infrared drying, freeze drying, microwave vacuum drying and vacuum drying were carried out after baking. The volatile/semi volatile components of the solid spice of sweet potato were analyzed and detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), principal component analysis was used to explore the impact of different drying methods on volatile/semi volatile components, and scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the impact of different drying methods by its surface structure. The results showed that the content of volatile/semi-volatile substances in dried sweet potato solid flavor from high to low was vacuum drying, microwave vacuum drying, infrared drying and freeze drying, and the highest content was 128.87 μg/g, the main flavor substances include octyl p-methoxycinnamate, palmitoleic acid, geranyl linalool, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, (9Z)-octadec-9,17-dialdehyde. Compared with the other three drying methods, the surface structure of vacuum dried solid spice had more water evaporation channels and holes, and the structural density was moderate, which had a positive impact on the adsorption capacity and volatile flavor of solid spice. In conclusion, vacuum drying was applicable to the drying and preparation of sweet potato solid spice, which laid a theoretical foundation for the development and application of sweet potato solid spice. -
表 1 四种干燥方式甘薯挥发性/半挥发性成分分析
Table 1. Volatile/semi-volatile components of sweet potato by different drying methods
类别 化合物 CAS号 含量(μg/g) 红外干燥 冷冻干燥 微波真空干燥 真空干燥 萜烯类 角鲨烯 000111-02-4 0.60 0.93 1.22 2.12 β-石竹烯 000087-44-5 − 0.03 − − d-柠檬烯 005989-27-5 − − 0.27 − 小计 0.60 0.97 1.50 2.12 酯类 棕榈酸甲酯 000112-39-0 0.10 0.10 0.22 0.31 反式-4-甲氧基肉桂酸异辛酯 083834-59-7 0.26 − 0.24 0.66 对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯 005466-77-3 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.59 二氢猕猴桃内酯 015356-74-8 0.33 0.18 0.37 0.45 小计 0.87 0.44 1.03 2.01 酸类 正壬酸 000112-05-0 0.10 − 0.04 0.09 月桂酸 000143-07-7 0.10 0.50 0.18 0.30 肉豆蔻酸 000544-63-8 0.35 0.52 0.54 1.01 十五烷酸 001002-84-2 0.54 0.58 0.81 0.74 棕榈油酸 000373-49-9 0.04 − 0.11 0.70 棕榈酸 000057-10-3 6.60 0.06 35.99 67.83 十七酸 000506-12-7 0.47 − 0.47 1.37 亚油酸 000060-33-3 13.44 7.89 12.89 22.62 油酸 000112-80-1 3.70 2.65 − − 硬脂酸 000057-11-4 2.18 2.73 3.08 5.19 小计 27.52 14.94 54.11 99.85 醇类 4-异丙基苯甲醇 000536-60-7 0.07 − − 0.08 香叶基香叶醇 024034-73-9 0.41 − 0.57 − 植物醇 000150-86-7 0.24 − − 0.68 橙花醇 000106-25-2 − 0.07 − − 香叶醇 000106-24-1 − 0.11 − − (1S,2E,4R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-西柏三烯-4-醇 025269-17-4 − 0.85 − − β-桉叶醇 000473-15-4 − − 0.23 − (6Z,9Z)-6,9-十五碳二烯-1-醇 077899-11-7 − − 3.36 − 香叶基芳樟醇 001113-21-9 − − − 1.09 小计 0.72 1.02 4.16 1.86 酚类 2-甲氧基-4-乙烯苯酚 007786-61-0 0.17 0.30 0.20 0.24 2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚 000128-37-0 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.11 2,4-二叔丁基酚 000096-76-4 0.12 0.20 0.16 0.21 异丁香酚 000097-54-1 − 0.13 − − 2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚) 000119-47-1 0.51 4.82 4.46 6.38 小计 0.86 5.57 4.91 6.95 醛类 苯甲醛 000100-52-7 0.16 − − − 苯乙醛 000122-78-1 0.46 0.26 0.54 0.45 β-环柠檬醛 000432-25-7 0.06 0.09 0.07 − 香兰素 000121-33-5 0.04 − − − E-15-七烯醛 1000130-97-9 0.43 − 0.41 1.04 3,7-二甲基-3,6-辛二烯醛 055722-59-3 − 0.15 − − (E)-柠檬醛 000106-26-3 − 1.08 − − 柠檬醛 005392-40-5 − 1.54 − − 反式-2,4-癸二烯醛 025152-84-5 − − 0.02 − 肉豆蔻醛 000124-25-4 − − 0.07 0.06 5-羟甲基糠醛 000067-47-0 − − − 0.09 (9Z)-十八碳-9,17-二烯醛 056554-35-9 − − − 6.87 小计 1.14 3.11 1.11 8.51 酮类 1,2-环己二酮 000765-87-7 0.36 − − − 2-甲基-3-羟基-4-吡喃酮 000118-71-8 1.24 0.39 0.39 1.06 大马士酮 023726-93-4 0.09 0.06 0.12 0.11 β-紫罗兰酮 000079-77-6 0.18 0.17 0.26 0.22 4-[2,2,6-三甲基-7-氧杂二环[4.1.0]庚-1-基]-3-丁烯-2-酮 023267-57-4 0.17 0.15 0.27 0.24 2-羟基环十五酮 004727-18-8 0.49 0.74 0.51 1.15 1-[5-(3-呋喃基)四氢呋喃-2-甲基-2-呋喃基]-4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮 036238-02-5 − 0.15 0.19 − 小计 2.53 1.66 1.74 2.78 其他 2-乙酰基吡咯 001072-83-9 0.42 − 0.11 0.15 1,4-二乙酰苯 001009-61-6 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.13 1-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚)丙烯 020675-95-0 0.04 − − − (Z)-9-十八烯腈 000112-91-4 0.17 − 0.19 0.50 棕榈酰胺 000629-54-9 0.25 − 0.40 0.69 油酸酰胺 000301-02-0 0.32 0.28 0.69 0.91 芥酸酰胺 000112-84-5 1.11 3.04 1.34 2.42 小计 2.39 3.38 2.81 4.81 总计 36.62 31.08 71.35 128.87 注:“−”表示未检出。 表 2 甘薯固体香料挥发性/半挥发性成分的主成分特征值与贡献率
Table 2. Principal component eigenvalues and contribution rate of volatile/semi-volatile components from sweet potato solid spice
成分 起始特征值 提取平方和载入 总计 方差(%) 累积贡献率(%) 总计 方差(%) 累积贡献率(%) 1 28.04 49.18 49.18 28.04 49.18 49.18 2 17.08 29.96 79.14 17.08 29.96 79.14 3 11.89 20.86 100.00 11.89 20.86 100.00 表 3 甘薯固体香料挥发性/半挥发成分的主成分因子载荷矩阵
Table 3. Principal component factor loading matrix of volatile/semi-volatile components from sweet potato solid spice
序号 指标 主成分 1 2 3 1 角鲨烯 0.82 0.57 −0.02 2 β-石竹烯 −0.78 0.62 0.11 3 d-柠檬烯 0.12 −0.21 −0.97 4 棕榈酸甲酯 0.92 0.33 −0.20 5 反式-4-甲氧基肉桂酸异辛酯 0.97 0.03 0.24 6 对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯 0.87 0.40 0.30 7 正壬酸 0.67 −0.58 0.47 8 月桂酸 −0.39 0.91 0.11 9 肉豆蔻酸 0.77 0.63 0.12 10 十五烷酸 0.65 0.22 −0.73 11 棕榈油酸 0.89 0.38 0.25 12 棕榈酸 0.96 0.27 −0.12 13 十七酸 0.97 0.09 0.23 14 亚油酸 0.96 0.06 0.26 15 油酸 −0.72 −0.40 0.57 16 硬脂酸 0.82 0.56 0.10 17 4-异丙基苯甲醇 0.62 −0.28 0.73 18 香叶基香叶醇 0.00 −0.80 −0.60 19 植物醇 0.81 0.15 0.57 20 橙花醇 −0.78 0.62 0.11 21 香叶醇 −0.78 0.62 0.11 22 (1S,2E,4R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-西柏三烯-4-醇 −0.78 0.62 0.11 23 β-桉叶醇 0.12 −0.21 −0.97 24 (6Z,9Z)-6,9-十五碳二烯-1-醇 0.12 −0.21 −0.97 25 香叶基芳樟醇 0.83 0.44 0.36 26 2-甲氧基-4-乙烯苯酚 −0.35 0.93 0.09 27 2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚 −0.03 1.00 −0.09 28 2,4-二叔丁基酚 0.21 0.98 0.03 29 2,2'-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚) 0.40 0.88 −0.25 30 苯甲醛 −0.17 −0.85 0.50 31 苯乙醛 0.66 −0.61 −0.44 32 β-环柠檬醛 −0.93 −0.13 −0.36 33 香兰素 −0.17 −0.85 0.50 34 E-15-七烯醛 0.98 0.01 0.22 35 3,7-二甲基-3,6-辛二烯醛 −0.78 0.62 0.11 36 (E)-柠檬醛 −0.78 0.62 0.11 37 柠檬醛 −0.78 0.62 0.11 38 反式-2,4-癸二烯醛 0.12 −0.21 −0.97 39 肉豆蔻醛 0.77 0.16 −0.62 40 5-羟甲基糠醛 0.83 0.44 0.36 41 (9Z)-十八碳-9,17-二烯醛 0.83 0.44 0.36 42 1,2-环己二酮 −0.17 −0.85 0.50 43 2-甲基-3-羟基-4-吡喃酮 0.46 −0.48 0.75 44 异丁香酚 −0.78 0.62 0.11 45 大马士酮 0.82 −0.30 −0.48 46 β-紫罗兰酮 0.62 −0.06 −0.79 47 4-[2,2,6-三甲基-7-氧杂二环[4.1.-]庚-1-基]-
3-丁烯-2-酮0.76 −0.02 −0.66 48 2-羟基环十五酮 0.58 0.72 0.40 49 二氢猕猴桃内酯 0.98 −0.21 −0.06 50 1-[5-(3-呋喃基)四氢呋喃-2-甲基-2-呋喃基]-4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮 −0.47 0.27 −0.84 51 2-乙酰基吡咯 0.18 −0.88 0.44 52 1,4-二乙酰苯 0.94 0.29 0.17 53 1-(3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯酚)丙烯 −0.17 −0.85 0.50 54 (Z)-9-十八烯腈 0.98 0.08 0.19 55 棕榈酰胺 1.00 0.01 −0.03 56 油酸酰胺 0.93 0.26 −0.25 57 芥酸酰胺 −0.22 0.94 0.25 -
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